بۆ ناوەڕۆک بازبدە

پێرستی وەرگرانی خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە کیمیا

لە ئینسایکڵۆپیدیای ئازادی ویکیپیدیاوە

خەڵاتی نۆبڵ لە کیمیا دەبەخشرێت لەلایەن ئەکادیمیای سویدی بۆ زانست بەو زانایانەی کە داھێنان و دۆزینەوەکیان ھەبێت لە بواری کیمیادا.

وەرگرەکان

[دەستکاری]
ساڵ وەرگر وڵات ھۆکاری وەرگرتن
١٩٠١ Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff the Netherlands "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and پەستانی دەڵاندن in solutions"[١]
١٩٠٢ ھێرمان ئێمیل فیشەر ئەڵمانیا "[for] his work on شەکر and پیورین syntheses"[٢]
١٩٠٣ Svante August Arrhenius Sweden "[for] his electrolytic theory of لێکھەڵوەشان (کیمیا)"[٣]
١٩٠٤ Sir William Ramsay United Kingdom "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"[٤]
١٩٠٥ Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer ئەڵمانیا "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[٥]
١٩٠٦ Henri Moissan فەڕەنسا "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element فلۆر، and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[٦]
١٩٠٧ Eduard Buchner ئەڵمانیا "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"[٧]
١٩٠٨ ئێرنست ڕەدەرفۆرد United Kingdom
New Zealand 		"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of تیشکەچالاکی"[٨]
١٩٠٩ Wilhelm Ostwald ئەڵمانیا "[for] his work on ھاندان and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"[٩]
١٩١٠ Otto Wallach ئەڵمانیا "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[١٠]
١٩١١ ماری کوری Poland/فەڕەنسا "[for] the discovery of the elements ڕادیۆم and پۆلۆنیۆم، by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"[١١]
١٩١٢ Victor Grignard فەڕەنسا "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"[١٢]
Paul Sabatier فەڕەنسا "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"[١٢]
١٩١٣ Alfred Werner Switzerland "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"[١٣]
١٩١٤ Theodore William Richards United States "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"[١٤]
١٩١٥ Richard Martin Willstätter ئەڵمانیا "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[١٥]
١٩١٦ Not awarded
١٩١٧
١٩١٨ Fritz Haber ئەڵمانیا "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[١٦]
١٩١٩ Not awarded
١٩٢٠ Walther Hermann Nernst ئەڵمانیا "[for] his work in thermochemistry"[١٧]
١٩٢١ Frederick Soddy United Kingdom "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"[١٨]
١٩٢٢ Francis William Aston United Kingdom "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"[١٩]
١٩٢٣ Fritz Pregl نەمسا "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"[٢٠]
١٩٢٤ Not awarded
١٩٢٥ Richard Adolf Zsigmondy ئەڵمانیا / Hungary "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of مڵ solutions and for the methods he used"[٢١]
١٩٢٦ The (Theodor) Svedberg Sweden "for his work on disperse systems"[٢٢]
١٩٢٧ Heinrich Otto Wieland ئەڵمانیا "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"[٢٣]
١٩٢٨ Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus ئەڵمانیا "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the ڤیتامینs"[٢٤]
١٩٢٩ Arthur Harden United Kingdom "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"[٢٥]
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin Sweden
١٩٣٠ Hans Fischer ئەڵمانیا "for his researches into the constitution of ھیم and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"[٢٦]
١٩٣١ Carl Bosch ئەڵمانیا "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[٢٧]
Friedrich Bergius ئەڵمانیا
١٩٣٢ Irving Langmuir United States "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"[٢٨]
١٩٣٣ Not awarded
١٩٣٤ Harold Clayton Urey United States "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[٢٩]
١٩٣٥ Frédéric Joliot فەڕەنسا "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"[٣٠]
Irène Joliot-Curie فەڕەنسا
١٩٣٦ Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye the Netherlands "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"[٣١]
١٩٣٧ Walter Norman Haworth United Kingdom "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"[٣٢]
Paul Karrer Switzerland "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
١٩٣٨ Richard Kuhn ئەڵمانیا "for his work on carotenoids and ڤیتامینs"[٣٣]
١٩٣٩ Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt ئەڵمانیا "for his work on sex hormones"[٣٤]
Leopold Ruzicka Switzerland "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"[٣٤]
١٩٤٠ Not awarded
١٩٤١
١٩٤٢
١٩٤٣ George de Hevesy ئەڵمانیا "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[٣٥]
١٩٤٤ Otto Hahn ئەڵمانیا "for his discovery of the ناوکەکەرتبوون of heavy nuclei"[٣٦]
١٩٤٥ Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"[٣٧]
١٩٤٦ James Batcheller Sumner United States "for his discovery that ئەنزیمs can be crystallized"[٣٨]
John Howard Northrop United States "for their preparation of enzymes and ڤایرووس in a pure form"[٣٨]
Wendell Meredith Stanley United States
١٩٤٧ Sir Robert Robinson United Kingdom "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"[٣٩]
١٩٤٨ Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius Sweden "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"[٤٠]
١٩٤٩ پەڕگە:William Giauque Nobel.jpg William Francis Giauque United States "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"[٤١]
١٩٥٠ Otto Paul Hermann Diels Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"[٤٢]
Kurt Alder Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا
١٩٥١ Edwin Mattison McMillan United States "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"[٤٣]
Glenn Theodore Seaborg United States
١٩٥٢ Archer John Porter Martin United Kingdom "for their invention of partition chromatography"[٤٤]
Richard Laurence Millington Synge United Kingdom
١٩٥٣ Hermann Staudinger Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"[٤٥]
١٩٥٤ Linus Carl Pauling United States "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"[٤٦]
١٩٥٥ Vincent du Vigneaud United States "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"[٤٧]
١٩٥٦ Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood United Kingdom "for their researches into the ڕێبازی کاردانەوەs"[٤٨]
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت
١٩٥٧ Lord (Alexander R.) Todd United Kingdom "for his work on نیوکلیۆتایدs and nucleotide co-enzymes"[٤٩]
١٩٥٨ Frederick Sanger United Kingdom "for his work on ئەنسۆلین، especially that of insulin"[٥٠]
١٩٥٩ Jaroslav Heyrovský چێکۆسلۆڤاکیا "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"[٥١]
١٩٦٠ پەڕگە:Willard Libby.jpg Willard Frank Libby United States "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"[٥٢]
١٩٦١ Melvin Calvin United States "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[٥٣]
١٩٦٢ Max Ferdinand Perutz United Kingdom "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[٥٤]
John Cowdery Kendrew United Kingdom
١٩٦٣ Karl Ziegler Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"[٥٥]
Giulio Natta Italy
١٩٦٤ پەڕگە:Dorothy Hodgkin Nobel.jpg Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin United Kingdom "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[٥٦]
١٩٦٥ Robert Burns Woodward United States "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"[٥٧]
١٩٦٦ Robert S. Mulliken United States "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"[٥٨]
١٩٦٧ Manfred Eigen Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"[٥٩]
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish United Kingdom
George Porter United Kingdom
١٩٦٨ Lars Onsager United States "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"[٦٠]
١٩٦٩ Derek H. R. Barton United Kingdom "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[٦١]
Odd Hassel Norway
١٩٧٠ Luis F. Leloir ئارجەنتین "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[٦٢]
١٩٧١ Gerhard Herzberg Canada "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"[٦٣]
١٩٧٢ Christian B. Anfinsen United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[٦٤]
Stanford Moore United States "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[٦٤]
William H. Stein United States
١٩٧٣ Ernst Otto Fischer Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"[٦٥]
Geoffrey Wilkinson United Kingdom
١٩٧٤ Paul J. Flory United States "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of پۆلیمەرs"[٦٦]
١٩٧٥ John Warcup Cornforth Australia
United Kingdom 		"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"[٦٧]
Vladimir Prelog Yugoslavia/Switzerland "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[٦٧]
١٩٧٦ William N. Lipscomb United States "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"[٦٨]
١٩٧٧ Ilya Prigogine Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[٦٩]
١٩٧٨ Peter D. Mitchell United Kingdom "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"[٧٠]
١٩٧٩ Herbert C. Brown United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[٧١]
Georg Wittig Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا
١٩٨٠ Paul Berg United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[٧٢]
Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[٧٢]
Frederick Sanger Frederick Sanger United Kingdom
١٩٨١ Kenichi Fukui Japan "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[٧٣]
Roald Hoffmann United States
١٩٨٢ Aaron Klug United Kingdom "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[٧٤]
١٩٨٣ Henry Taube United States "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"[٧٥]
١٩٨٤ Robert Bruce Merrifield United States "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"[٧٦]
١٩٨٥ Herbert A. Hauptman United States "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[٧٧]
Jerome Karle United States
١٩٨٦ Dudley R. Herschbach Dudley R. Herschbach United States "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"[٧٨]
Yuan T. Lee United States / تایوان
John C. Polanyi Canada / Hungary
١٩٨٧ Donald J. Cram United States "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"[٧٩]
Jean-Marie Lehn فەڕەنسا
Charles J. Pedersen United States
١٩٨٨ Johann Deisenhofer Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"[٨٠]
Robert Huber Robert Huber Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا
Hartmut Michel Federal Republic of ئەڵمانیا
١٩٨٩ Sidney Altman Canada
United States 		"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[٨١]
Thomas R. Cech Thomas Cech United States
١٩٩٠ Elias James Corey United States "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"[٨٢]
١٩٩١ Richard R. Ernst Richard R. Ernst Switzerland "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"[٨٣]
١٩٩٢ Rudolph A. Marcus United States/Canada "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[٨٤]
١٩٩٣ Kary B. Mullis United States "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"[٨٥]
Michael Smith Canada "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"[٨٥]
١٩٩٤ George A. Olah United States / Hungary "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[٨٦]
١٩٩٥ Paul J. Crutzen the Netherlands "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"[٨٧]
Mario J. Molina United States
F. Sherwood Rowland United States
١٩٩٦ Robert F. Curl Jr. United States "for their discovery of fullerenes"[٨٨]
Sir Harold W. Kroto United Kingdom
Richard E. Smalley United States
١٩٩٧ Paul D. Boyer United States "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"[٨٩]
John E. Walker United Kingdom
Jens C. Skou Denmark "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"[٨٩]
١٩٩٨ Walter Kohn Walter Kohn United States "for his development of the density-functional theory"[٩٠]
John A. Pople United Kingdom "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"[٩٠]
١٩٩٩ ئەحمەد زوەیل میسر
United States 		"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"[٩١]
٢٠٠٠ Alan J. Heeger United States "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"[٩٢]
Alan G. MacDiarmid United States
New Zealand
Hideki Shirakawa Japan
٢٠٠١ William S. Knowles United States "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"[٩٣]
Ryōji Noyori Ryōji Noyori Japan
K. Barry Sharpless United States "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"[٩٣]
٢٠٠٢ John B. Fenn John B. Fenn United States "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"[٩٤]
Koichi Tanaka Japan
Kurt Wüthrich Kurt Wüthrich Switzerland "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"[٩٤]
٢٠٠٣ پیتەر ئەگری United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"[٩٥]
Roderick MacKinnon Roderick MacKinnon United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"[٩٥]
٢٠٠٤ Aaron Ciechanover ئیسرائیل "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[٩٦]
Avram Hershko Israel
Irwin Rose United States
٢٠٠٥ Yves Chauvin فەڕەنسا "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"[٩٧]
Robert Grubbs Robert H. Grubbs United States
Richard R. Schrock United States
٢٠٠٦ Roger D. Kornberg United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of لەبەرگرتنەوە (بۆماوەزانی)"[٩٨]
٢٠٠٧ Gerhard Ertl ئەڵمانیا "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"[٩٩]
٢٠٠٨ Osamu Shimomura Japan[١٠٠] "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[١٠١]
Martin Chalfie United States
Roger Y. Tsien United States
٢٠٠٩ Venkatraman Ramakrishnan United States "for studies of the structure and function of the ڕایبۆسۆم"[١٠٢]
Thomas A. Steitz United States
Ada E. Yonath Israel
٢٠١٠ Richard F. Heck United States "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"[١٠٣]
Ei-ichi Negishi Japan
Akira Suzuki Japan
٢٠١١ Dan Shechtman Israel "for the discovery of quasicrystals"[١٠٤]
٢٠١٢ Robert Lefkowitz United States "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"[١٠٥]
Brian Kobilka United States
٢٠١٣ Martin Karplus United States
نەمسا 		"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"[١٠٦]
Michael Levitt United States
United Kingdom
ئیسرائیل[١٠٧]
Arieh Warshel United States
Israel
٢٠١٤ Eric Betzig  ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" [١٠٨]
Stefan W. Hell  ئەڵمانیا
 ڕۆمانیا[١٠٩]
William E. Moerner  ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
٢٠١٥ Tomas Lindahl  سوێد
 شانشینی یەکگرتوو 		"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" [١١٠]
Paul L. Modrich  ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
Aziz Sancar  ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
 تورکیا
٢٠١٦ Jean-Pierre Sauvage  فەڕەنسا "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines" [١١١]
Fraser Stoddart  شانشینی یەکگرتوو
 ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
Ben Feringa  ھۆلەند
٢٠١٧ Jacques Dubochet  سویس "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" [١١٢]
Joachim Frank  ئەڵمانیا
 ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان[١١٣]
Richard Henderson  شانشینی یەکگرتوو
٢٠١٨ Frances Arnold  ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان "for the directed evolution of enzymes" [١١٤]
George Smith  ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"
Sir Gregory Winter  شانشینی یەکگرتوو
٢٠١٩ John B. Goodenough  ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان "for the development of lithium ion batteries" [١١٥]
M. Stanley Whittingham  شانشینی یەکگرتوو
 ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان
Akira Yoshino  ژاپۆن
٢٠٢٠ Emmanuelle Charpentier  فەڕەنسا
 ئەڵمانیا 		"for the development of a method for genome editing" [١١٦]
Jennifer Doudna  ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان

سەرچاوەکان

[دەستکاری]
  1. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  2. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  3. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  4. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  5. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  6. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  7. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  8. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  9. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  10. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  11. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  12. ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  13. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  14. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  15. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  16. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  17. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  18. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  19. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  20. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  21. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  22. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  23. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  24. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  25. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  26. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  27. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  28. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  29. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  30. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  31. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  32. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  33. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  34. ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  35. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  36. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  37. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  38. ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  39. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  40. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  41. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  42. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  43. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  44. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  45. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  46. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  47. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  48. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  49. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  50. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  51. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  52. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  53. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  54. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  55. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  56. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  57. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  58. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  59. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  60. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  61. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  62. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  63. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  64. ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  65. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  66. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  67. ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  68. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  69. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  70. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  71. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  72. ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  73. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  74. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  75. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  76. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  77. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  78. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  79. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  80. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  81. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  82. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  83. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  84. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  85. ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  86. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  87. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  88. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  89. ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  90. ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  91. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  92. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  93. ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  94. ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  95. ^ ئ ا «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  96. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  97. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  98. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  99. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  100. ^ As of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release». Nobelprize.org. 2008-10-08. لە 2008-10-08 ھێنراوە.
  101. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008». Nobelprize.org. لە 2008-10-08 ھێنراوە.
  102. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009». Nobelprize.org. لە 2009-10-07 ھێنراوە.
  103. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010». Nobelprize.org. لە 2009-10-06 ھێنراوە.
  104. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011». Nobelprize.org. لە 2011-10-05 ھێنراوە.
  105. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012». Nobelprize.org. لە 2012-10-13 ھێنراوە.
  106. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013». Nobelprize.org. لە 2013-10-09 ھێنراوە.
  107. ^ 3 Jewish professors -- two of them Israeli -- share 2013 Nobel Prize in chemistry | The Times of Israel
  108. ^ «Microscope work wins Nobel Prize». BBC. 8 October 2014. لە 19 July 2018 لە ڕەسەنەکەوە ئەرشیڤ کراوە. لە 21 June 2018 ھێنراوە. {{cite news}}: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە: |access-date=، |date=، و |archive-date= (یارمەتی)
  109. ^ «Erviu Exclusiv Digi24. Stefan Hell, laureat al premiului Nobel: Educaţia primită în România m-a ajutat mult. Mi-a ușurat viața» (بە ڕۆمانی). لە 7 March 2016 لە ڕەسەنەکەوە ئەرشیڤ کراوە. لە 31 December 2015 ھێنراوە. {{cite news}}: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە: |access-date= و |archive-date= (یارمەتی)
  110. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015». Nobelprize.org. لە 15 June 2017 لە ڕەسەنەکەوە ئەرشیڤ کراوە. لە 14 June 2017 ھێنراوە. {{cite web}}: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە: |access-date= و |archive-date= (یارمەتی)
  111. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016». Nobelprize.org. لە 5 October 2016 لە ڕەسەنەکەوە ئەرشیڤ کراوە. لە 5 October 2016 ھێنراوە. {{cite web}}: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە: |access-date= و |archive-date= (یارمەتی)
  112. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017». Nobelprize.org. لە 6 April 2018 لە ڕەسەنەکەوە ئەرشیڤ کراوە. لە 4 October 2017 ھێنراوە. {{cite web}}: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە: |access-date= و |archive-date= (یارمەتی)
  113. ^ Frank, Joachim (2017), Curriculum Vitae 9 October 2017 لە وەیبەک مەشین ئەرشیڤ کراوە.. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  114. ^ Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 3 October 2018 لە وەیبەک مەشین ئەرشیڤ کراوە.
  115. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019». Nobelprize.org. لە 9 October 2019 ھێنراوە. {{cite web}}: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە: |access-date= (یارمەتی)ڕاگرتنی شێوازی سەرچاوەی ١: url-status (بەستەر)
  116. ^ «The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020». Nobelprize.org. لە 7 October 2020 ھێنراوە. {{cite web}}: نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە: |access-date= (یارمەتی)ڕاگرتنی شێوازی سەرچاوەی ١: url-status (بەستەر)
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